Multiple-Choice Items:
1. Which molecule is synthesized during transcription?
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A
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DNA
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B
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mRNA
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C
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rRNA
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D
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tRNA
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2. Where does translation take place?
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A
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in the nucleus
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B
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on proteins
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C
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on ribosomes
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D
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on hemoglobin
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3. How is a phenotype different from a genotype?
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A
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There are always two phenotypes, while there can be three genotypes.
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B
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One phenotype can be produced by two different genotypes, but each genotype produces only one phenotype.
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C
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Genotypes refer to the appearance of the trait, while phenotype refers to the alleles that make up the trait.
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D
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You can determine a genotype from a phenotype, but you cannot determine the phenotype from the genotype.
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4. When the DNA segment shown below replicates, what will be the sequence of bases in the nucleotide chain that is synthesized?
T-G-C-C-T-A-G
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A
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T-G-C-C-T-A-G
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B
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A-C-C-G-T-T-G
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C
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A-C-G-C-A-A-C
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D
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A-C-G-G-A-T-C
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Use the table below to answer question 5.
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Father
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Mother
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?
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?
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?
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FF
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Ff
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?
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Ff
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ff
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Key For Phenotype:
FF = No Freckles
Ff = No Freckles
ff = Freckles
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5. According to the Punnett square, there is a 1/4 chance that an offspring from these parents will have freckles and a 3/4 chance that an offspring will not have freckles. What are the phenotypes of the parents?
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A
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Both parents have freckles.
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B
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The father has freckles; the mother does not.
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C
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The mother has freckles; the father does not.
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D
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Neither parent has freckles.
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6. One of Mendel’s pea plant experiments crossed a homozygous tall plant with a homozygous short plant. The offspring were all tall. What is the best explanation for these results?
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A
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There is only one gene that controls height.
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B
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There are two different genes that control height.
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C
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The allele for tallness is dominant over the allele for shortness.
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D
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The allele for tallness is recessive to the allele for shortness.
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7. When a DNA molecule undergoes replication, how do the new DNA molecules relate to the original molecule?
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A
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Each new DNA molecule is made up of two strands, and they are both the same as the strands of the original DNA molecule.
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B
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Each new DNA molecule is made up of only one strand, which is complementary to one strand of the original DNA molecule.
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C
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Each new DNA molecule has one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand.
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D
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Each new DNA molecule has two new strands that are complementary to the strands of the original DNA molecule.
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8. What is chromatin made up of?
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A
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DNA and proteins
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B
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DNA only
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C
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Proteins only
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D
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DNA, proteins, and cytoplasm
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9. Which cell process occurs before cell division?
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A
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DNA leaves the nucleus
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B
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DNA splits into two halves
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C
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DNA replicates itself
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D
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DNA sequence unwinds
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10. Which statement best describes the location of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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A
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In prokaryotic cells, DNA is in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, DNA is inside the nucleus.
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B
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In prokaryotic cells, DNA is in the nucleus; in eukaryotic cells, DNA is inside the cytoplasm.
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C
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DNA is in the cytoplasm in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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D
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DNA is in the nucleus in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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Multiple-Choice Answer Key:
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1. B
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2. C
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3. B
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4. D
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5. D
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6. C
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7. D
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8. A
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9. C
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10. A
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Short-Answer Items:
11. Why is the structure of DNA often described as a zipper?
12. The presence of hair on the back of a hand is a dominant trait. Byron has hair on the back of his hands, but Susie does not have the trait. What are Byron and Susie’s allele combinations?
Short-Answer Key and Scoring Rubrics:
11. Why is the structure of DNA often described as a zipper?
DNA is often described as a zipper because of its unique structure. In a strand of DNA, the walls of the DNA double helix are formed from two chains of phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars. The two chains of alternating phosphates and sugars are the sides of a zipper, while the nitrogen bases in the middle are the teeth of the zipper. The two sides of a zipper are connected by the interlocking teeth of the zipper. Similarly, the two chains of nucleotides are zipped together by the interlocking of the nitrogen bases from each strand of nucleotides.
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Points
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Description
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2
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The student:
- mentions DNA has two chains.
- mentions that the two chains are linked by base pairs G–C, and A–T.
- relates this structure of DNA to a zipper linked together by the “teeth” that hold it together.
- correctly correlates the zipper parts to the base pairs.
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1
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The student:
- mentions DNA has two chains.
- relates this structure of DNA to a zipper linked together by the “teeth” that hold it together.
- does not explain base pairing.
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0
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The student demonstrates a lack of understanding or does not attempt to complete the assessment.
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12. The presence of hair on the back of a hand is a dominant trait. Byron has hair on the back of his hands, but Susie does not have the trait. What are Byron and Susie’s allele combinations?
Byron has the alleles HH or Hh; Susie has the alleles hh.
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Points
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Description
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2
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The student provides correct allele combination for Byron AND Susie.
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1
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The student provides correct allele combination for Byron OR Susie.
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0
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The student incorrectly identifies outcome for both Byron and Susie.
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Performance Assessment:
Have students write an essay entitled, “How Genetic Information Is Inherited.” The essay should fulfill all of the requirements in the rubric below. Go over the rubric with students before they begin writing. It may be helpful to include a pre-writing exercise such as creating a concept map or outline as students plan their essays. For some students, it may be helpful to create a partial outline for them to complete instead of assigning the essay.
Have students include in the essay:
- An explanation of how genetic information is inherited, including how dominant and recessive alleles determine traits.
- An explanation of how DNA is related to genetic inheritance.
- A description of how replication results in transmitting genetic information.
- An overview of transcription and translation.
- The following vocabulary: allele, chromosome, DNA, gene, replication, genotype, phenotype, transcription, translation, amino acids, and proteins.
Performance Assessment Scoring Rubric:
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Points
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Description
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5
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The student completes all five of the requirements:
- explains how genetic information is inherited, including how dominant and recessive alleles determine traits.
- relates DNA to genetic inheritance.
- describes how replication results in transmitting genetic information.
- describes the processes of transcription and translation.
- correctly uses the following vocabulary: allele, chromosome, DNA, gene, replication, genotype, phenotype, transcription, translation, amino acids, and proteins.
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4
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The student completes four of the requirements.
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3
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The student completes three of the requirements.
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2
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The student completes two of the requirements.
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1
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The student completes one of the requirements.
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0
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The student demonstrates a lack of understanding or does not attempt to complete the assessment.
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